Memory: Waugh and Norman 1965
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| This experiment tests memory through a probe-digit-task.
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| Authors |
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Waugh N.C., Norman D.A. |
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| APA Classification |
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Learning and Memory (2343) |
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| Keywords |
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Memory, Model for primary memory, Retention and forgetting |
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| Summary |
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Used a probe-digit task. Participants were given lists of 16 digits, in which the probe digit appeared only once. They were asked not to rehearse the previous digits, but rather to concentrate on the digit they had just heard at any given time. They were then probed at the end of the list with the digit and asked to report which digit followed it in the list. Lists were presented at 1 or 4 per second auditorially in the original study. The two variants presented here are a very small script that presents digits visually and a very large script with a .wav file for each list. Eventually, we plan to offer a version that is smaller but presents auditory stimuli (using a .wav file for each digit, such that there are 10 small files, not 100 large ones).
The experimenters found that their results showed that forgetting varied with the number of digits presented between the probe and the end of the list, but not with the time between the probe and the end of the list. This suggested, therefore, that forgetting was interference based rather than time based. |
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| Platform | | E-Prime v1.1 SP3 / 1.1.4.1 |
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| Base Hardware Requirements | | - Microsoft Windows 2000/XP
- Pentium Processor 1GHz or higher
- 512MB RAM or higher
- 4X AGP Video with 64MB RAM or higher
- Sound Blaster LIVE! Sound Card
- CD-ROM
- USB or Parallel Port
- Serial Port**
- Internet Connection
** For use with the PST Deluxe Serial Response Box. |
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| Citation | | Waugh, N. C. and Norman, D. A. (1965). Primary Memory. Psychological Review 72 (2), 89-104. |
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| Cited in | | Psychological Review |
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| Abstract | | A model for short-term memory is described and evaluated. A variety of experimental data are shown to be consistent with the following statements. (a) Unrehearsed verbal stimuli tend to be quickly forgotten because they are interfered with by later items in a series and not because their traces decay in time. (b) Rehearsal may transfer an item from a very limited primary memory store to a larger and more stable secondary store. (c) A recently perceived item may be retained in both stores at the same time. The properties of these 2 independent memory systems can be separated by experimental and analytical methods. |
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| Catalogued From |
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STEP (System for Teaching Experimental Psychology)
http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/Memory/waugh1965.html (external link) |
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| Script Name | | http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/ZipFiles/WaughNorman1965.zip
http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/ZipFiles/WaughNorman2.zip |
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| Stimulus Materials | | http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/ZipFiles/Waugh2Stimuli.zip |
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| Sample Data Files | | http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/ZipFiles/Waugh1965Data.zip |
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| Catalogue Record Modified |
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15/11/2005 |
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| Record Modified By |
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Dipl.-Psych. C. Rebetez |
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