Attention: Schneider & Shiffrin 1977
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| This experiment contrasts detection of similar and dissimilar items in a rapidly changing display.
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| Authors |
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Schneider W., Shiffrin R.M. |
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| APA Classification |
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Attention (2346) |
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| Keywords |
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Automaticity, Controlled and automatic, Human information processing, Attention phenomena, Attention, Cognitive processes, Memory |
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| Summary |
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This experiment contrasts detection of similar and dissimilar items in a rapidly changing display. Participants are asked to memorize a set of letters or numbers, then identify members of that set of letters or numbers when they are presented rapidly in a larger set of letters or numbers. It is considerably easier to recognize and respond to a number in a set of letters than it is to recognize a letter in a set of other letters. |
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| Platform | | E-Prime v1.1 SP3 / 1.1.4.1 |
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| Base Hardware Requirements | | - Microsoft Windows 2000/XP
- Pentium Processor 1GHz or higher
- 512MB RAM or higher
- 4X AGP Video with 64MB RAM or higher
- Sound Blaster LIVE! Sound Card
- CD-ROM
- USB or Parallel Port
- Serial Port**
- Internet Connection
** For use with the PST Deluxe Serial Response Box. |
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| Citation | | Schneider, W. and Shiffrin, R.M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84(1), 1-66. |
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| Cited in | | Psychological Review |
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| Abstract | | A two-process theory of human information processing is proposed and applied to detection, search, and attention phenomena. Automatic processing is activation of a learned sequence of elements in long-term memory that is initiated by appropriate inputs and then proceeds automatically ? without subject control, without stressing the capacity limitation of the system, and without necessarily demanding attention. Controlled processing is a temporary activation of a sequence of elements that can be set up quickly and easily but requires attention, is capacity-limited (usually serial in nature), and is controlled by the subject. A series of studies using both reaction time and accuracy measures is presented, which traces these concepts in the form of automatic detection and controlled search through the areas of detection, search, and attention. Results in these areas are shown to arise from common mechanisms. Automatic detection is shown to develop following consistent mapping of stimuli to responses over trials. Controlled search is utilized in varied-mapping paradigms, and in our studies, it takes the form of serial, terminating search. The approach resolves a number of apparent conflicts in the literature. |
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| Catalogued From |
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STEP (System for Teaching Experimental Psychology)
http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/Attention/Schneider1977.html (external link) |
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| Script Name | | http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/ZipFiles/SchneiderShiffrin1977.zip |
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| Stimulus Materials | | http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/ZipFiles/Schneider1977Stimuli.zip |
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| Sample Data Files | | http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/ZipFiles/Schneider1977Data.zip |
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| Catalogue Record Modified |
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07/12/2005 |
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| Record Modified By |
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Dipl.-Psych. C. Rebetez |
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